WPC SrNsD@oК3硹Ɯ7@mfʿb';}/5ޠE5䕍lPr=tMu@IQPZvv;ɛD#?Xcm-^6Cj! ,[(IېE0Tpށ ;} X H]vL벌Z^^I;~,͜wn ), |,\Iy;+eHA*Kj]N3뭬!-8tP|G3evwegM^&r5&%{H߻MIћ(>`ut _S4bIޝ}J|(Yܗ/IY9zRIMe2{y!Ѕx% -c`RRƲhN '0 l 0 ll#1:Generalschoolliking RH"?   Q?.91Q?RЈ.91 i_9@ Q?.91 Q?  ףp= ?.18 ףp= ?iЈ.18 ka9A  ףp= ?.18  ףp= ? @36280@k01 mc;B @36280 @ (\-2.47(\mЄ2.47 J@;C (\-2.47 (\ J0 l 0 ll#2:Friends/Peers RH" `D   )\(?.22)\(?RЈ.22 i_9 `E )\(?.22 )\(? )\(?.22)\(?iЈ.22 ka9 `F )\(?.22 )\(? @36280@k01 ka; `G @36280 @ Q?.96Q?kЈ.96 H>9 `H Q?.96 Q? HThirdGrade: '!I 'Ј '!J 'Ј '!K ' '!L 'Ј '!M '0 l Onecomponentsolution SI"#`Nll (\@3.07(\@S3.07 j`:#`O (\@3.07 (\@ q= ףp?.46q= ףp?jЈ.46 ka9#`P q= ףp?.46 q= ףp? `@36163`@k14 lb;#`Q `@36163 `@ q= ףp-.67q= ףplЄ.67 I?:#`R q= ףp-.67 q= ףp I0 l Twocomponentsolution 1'"$Sll 1Ј '$T 'Ј '$U ' '$V 'Ј '$W '0 l 0 ll#1:Generalschoolliking SI"&`!X   = ףp=@3.03= ףp=@S3.03 j`:&`!Y = ףp=@3.03 = ףp=@ Q?.61Q?jЈ.61 ka9&`!Z Q?.61 Q? `@36163`@k14 lb;&`![ `@36163 `@ Q-.61QlЄ.61 I?:&`!\ Q-.61 Q I0 l 0 ll#2:Friends/Peers SI"'"]   ffffff?1.90ffffff?S1.90 j`:'"^ ffffff?1.90 ffffff? RQ?.51RQ?jЈ.51 ka9'"_ RQ?.51 RQ? `@36163`@k14 ka;'"` `@36163 `@ RQ?.76RQ?kЈ.76I?='"a RQ?.76  RQ? Iv@Thegeneralschoollikingandfriends/peersatschoolscalesaremoderately,butsignificantlycorrelatedatallthreegrades(.36atfirstgrade,.34atsecondgrade,and.38atthirdgrade.Allofthesecorrelationsaresignificantatthep<.0001level). ,"(g _ 3.Sex,race,andsitedifferences    FirstGrade  b Genderdifferences:*W%ddz dd z ?dd5??dd5??dd2??dd5?W(#(#,2dd ,Pdd ,dd ,ddE+   Z Variable ' 'Boysmean(sd) '  'Girlsmean(sd) '   't '  'onecomponentsolution '* z  '.836(.18) '* z  '.844(.17) '* z 'Є1.68+ '* z 'twocomponentsolution: '  ' '  ' '  'Ј '  '0 l firstcomponent:generalschoolliking 1'"*z l~l~ 1.899(.20) '*z  '.918(.18) '*z  'Є4.09*** '*z  '0 l secondcomponent:peersatschool 1'" l~l~ 1.205(.22) '  '.205(.22) I?  p= ף-.13p= ףIЄ.13J@>  p= ף-.13  p= ף J+p<.10;***p<.001   Sitedifferences:*#W:dd2dd 2Pdd Pdd ddEW%(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,9ddE,ddE+    Variable '> 'Dukemean(sd) '*! 'Nashmean(sd) '*# 'Pennmean(sd) '*% 'Washmean(sd) '*' '_df_Ԉ '>( 'F '>) 'onecomponent 'Z* '.823a Z+ (.18) 'F, '.814a Z- (.18) 'F. '.856b Z/ (.16) 'F0 '.865b Z1 (.18) J@F2 @36536@J3,6536 J@;Z3 @36536 @ J31.95*** 'Z4 'twocomponent: '5 ' '6 ' '7 ' '8 ' '9 'Ј ': 'Ј '; '0 l #1:generalschoolliking 1'"2=l l  1.899a F> (.20) '2? '.894a F@ (.20) '2A '.915b FB (.19) '2C '.926b FD (.19) J@2E `@36531`@J3,6531 J@;FF `@36531 `@ J8.83*** 'FG '0 l #2:peersatschool 1'"Il l  1.227a J (.23) 'K '.238a L (.23) 'M '.183b N (.20) 'O '.176b P (.22) J@Q `@33536`@J3,3536 J@;R `@33536 `@ J33.14***(S   (***p<.001  S Racedifferences(usingonlySeattle&Nashville,comparingonlyblackvs.white):*HWJdddd dd dd dd dd 9ddE9ddE#W:(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,FddE,dd ,qdd ,dd ,FddE,<dd ,&dd ,dd ,FddE,2dd ,&dd ,dd ,ddE,2dd ,dd ,dd ,ddE,2dd ,dd ,Pdd ,ddE,2dd ,dd ,dd ,ddE+   ~!V Variable '!2W 'white:mean(sd) '"Y 'black:mean(sd) '"[ 't '!2\ 'onecomponentsolution 'N$] '.864(.17) 'N$^ '.802(.19) 'N$_ '8.40*** 'N$` 'twocomponentsolution: '%!a ' '%!b ' '%!c 'Ј '%!d '0 l firstcomponent:generalschoolliking 1'"N'"el~l~ 1.927(.18) 'N'"f '.882(.21) 'N'"g 'Ѐ5.64*** 'N'"h '0 l secondcomponent:peersatschool 1'"($il~l~ 1.179(.21) '($j '.250(.24) '($k 'Є7.83***(($l   (***p<.001 ):%l   ,'o SecondGrade   Genderdifferences:*WKdd2dd 2dd dd ddEHWJ(#(#, dd ,dd ,dd ,FddE,dd ,Rdd ,dd ,FddE,dd ,dd ,dd ,FddE,<dd ,&dd ,dd ,FddE,2dd ,&dd ,dd ,ddE+   p Variable '$ 'Boysmean(sd) ' 'Girlsmean(sd) ' 't '$  'onecomponentsolution '@   '.831(.17) '@   '.834(.17) I?@   p= ף-.52p= ףIЄ.52 I?:@   p= ף-.52 p= ף Itwocomponentsolution: '  ' '  ' '  'Ј '  '0 l firstcomponent:generalschoolliking 1'"@ l~l~ 1.897(.20) '@  '.920(.17) '@  '4.90*** '@  '0 l secondcomponent:peersatschool 1'" l~l~ 1.215(.21) '  '.227(.22) '  'Є2.10*(    (*p<.05;***p<.001 ,  Sitedifferences:*MWNdd2dd 2&dd &dd ddEWK(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,ddE,ddE+     Variable 'T 'Dukemean(sd) '@ 'Nashmean(sd) '@! 'Pennmean(sd) '@# 'Washmean(sd) '@% '_df_Ԉ 'T& 'F 'T' 'onecomponent 'p( '.810(.18)a 'p) '.809(.17)a 'p* '.855(.16)b 'p+ '.844(.17)b J@p, @@36002@@J3,6002 J@;p- @@36002 @@ J30.30*** 'p. 'twocomponent: '@/ ' '@0 ' '@1 ' '@2 ' '@3 'Ј '@4 'Ј '@5 '0 l #1:generalschoolliking 1'"\7l l  1.895(.20)a 'p8 '.892(.20)a 'p9 '.923(.16)b 'p: '.916(.18)b J@p; @36000@J3,6000 J@;p< @36000 @ J10.09*** 'p= '0 l #2:peersatschool 1'"?l l  1.248(.23)a ',@ '.249(.21)a ',A '.192(.21)b ',B '.207(.22)b J@,C  @36001 @J3,6001 J@;,D  @36001  @ J28.75***(,E   (***p<.001 4E Racedifferences(usingonlySeattle&Nashville,comparingonlyblackvs.white):*OWPdddd dd dd dd dd ddEddEMWN(#(#, dd ,dd ,dd ,FddE,dd ,dd ,dd ,FddE,<dd ,&dd ,dd ,FddE,2dd ,&dd ,dd ,ddE+   H Variable ' \I 'white:mean(sd) ' HK 'black:mean(sd) ' HM 't ' \N 'onecomponentsolution 'x"O '.843(.17) 'x"P '.801(.17) 'x"Q '5.82**** 'x"R 'twocomponentsolution: '#HS ' '#HT ' '#HU 'Ј '#HV '0 l firstcomponent:generalschoolliking 1'"x% Wl~l~ 1.916(.19) 'x% X '.883(.21) 'x% Y '4.01*** 'x% Z '0 l secondcomponent:peersatschool 1'"&H"[l~l~ 1.208(.22) '&H"\ '.257(.21) '&H"] 'Є5.34****(&H"^   (***p<.001,****p<.0001 (d#^    *(&a Grade3   Genderdifferences:*GWRdd2dd 2&dd &dd ddEOWP(#(#, dd ,dd ,dd ,FddE,dd ,dd ,dd ,FddE,dd ,qdd ,dd ,FddE,<dd ,&dd ,dd ,FddE,2dd ,&dd ,dd ,ddE+   p Variable '$ 'Boysmean(sd) ' 'Girlsmean(sd) ' 't '$  'onecomponentsolution '@   '3.07(.46) '@   '3.07(.46) I?@   p= ףп-.26p= ףпIЄ.26 I?:@   p= ףп-.26 p= ףп Itwocomponentsolution: '  ' '  ' '  'Ј '  '0 l firstcomponent:generalschoolliking 1'"@ l~l~ 13.00(.62) '@  '3.06(.60) '@  'Є3.74*** '@  '0 l secondcomponent:peersatschool 1'" l~l~ 11.88(.51) '  '1.92(.50) '  'Є2.79**(    (**p<.01;***p<.001    h  ,  Sitedifferences:*SWTdd2dd 2&dd &dd ddEGWR(#(#,Udd ,?dd ,?dd ,?dd ,?dd ,ddE,9ddE+     Variable 'T 'Dukemean(sd) '@ 'Nashmean(sd) '@! 'Pennmean(sd) '@# 'Washmean(sd) '@% '_df_Ԉ 'T& 'F 'T' 'onecomponent 'p( '3.00(.48)a 'p) '3.02(.47)a 'p* '3.14(.42)b 'p+ '3.11(.46)b J@p, P@35460P@J3,5460 J@;p- P@35460 P@ J30.76*** 'p. 'twocomponent: '@/ ' '@0 ' '@1 ' '@2 ' '@3 'Ј '@4 'Ј '@5 '0 l #1:generalschoolliking 1'"\7l l  13.00(.64)a 'p8 '3.04(.61)a 'p9 '3.04(.56)a 'p: '3.03(.64)a J@p; P@35460P@J3,5460 lb;p< P@35460 P@ ?1.30?l1.30 I?:p= ?1.30 ? I0 l #2:peersatschool 1'"?l l  12.01(.52)a ',@ '1.99(.52)a ',A '1.80(.48)b ',B '1.84(.48)b J@,C P@35460P@J3,5460 J@;,D P@35460 P@ J63.67***(,E   (***p<.001 4E Racedifferences(usingonlySeattle&Nashville,comparingonlyblackvs.white):*UWVddUdd U?dd ??dd ??dd ??dd ?ddE9ddE9SWT(#(#, dd ,dd ,dd ,FddE,dd ,dd ,dd ,FddE,<dd ,&dd ,dd ,FddE,2dd ,&dd ,dd ,ddE+   H Variable ' \I 'white:mean(sd) ' HK 'black:mean(sd) ' HM 't ' \N 'onecomponentsolution 'x"O '3.09(.46) 'x"P '3.02(.47) 'x"Q '3.51*** 'x"R 'twocomponentsolution: '#HS ' '#HT ' '#HU 'Ј '#HV '0 l firstcomponent:generalschoolliking 1'"x% Wl~l~ 13.04(.60) 'x% X '3.01(.65) H>x% Y Q?.96Q?HЈ.96 H>9x% Z Q?.96 Q? H0 l secondcomponent:peersatschool 1'"&H"[l~l~ 11.87(.51) '&H"\ '1.98(.51) '&H"] 'Є4.69****(&H"^   (***p<.001,****p<.0001 (d#^  -(e    ` 4.Stabilityovertime(1stthrough3rdgrade).     Analyseswereconductedtoexaminethestabilityofchildrensreportsfromfirstthroughthirdgrade.Childrenwhowereincludedintheseanalysesarethosewho(a)haveatleastsomedata(eitherSHP,sociometric,orselfratingsdata)forgrades1,2,and3and(b)didnotrepeatagrade.Thereare1761ofthesechildreninall.Ofthese1761,1300childrenhaveselfratingsdataforfirstgrade,1276haveselfratingsdataforsecondgrade,and1072haveselfratingsdataforthirdgrade.Thereare778childrenwhohavenonmissingdataforallninevariables(onecomponentandtwocomponentsolutionsforallthreegrades).Finally,thereweresomechildrenwhohavethewrongresponsescalefortheirgrade.Thatis,thereweresecondgraderswith14answersorthirdgraderswithy/nanswers.Thiswasusuallybecausetheclassroomwasagrade2/3splitandallofthechildreninthatclassroomweregiventhesameform.Thesechildren,whohavethewrongresponsescale,arenotincludedintheseanalyses.  First,correlationswerecomputed:*'W(dd2dd 2&dd &dd ddEUWV(#(#,dd ,dd,dd,dd+  #  #Onecomponentsolution !6" !  f Grade1  f Grade2  f  Grade3  f! Grade1 @6 6" ?1.00?@1.00 I?46#U ?1.00 ? IЈ '6$U 'Ј 6%U Grade2  f& Ј.35**** I?f'U ?1.00?I1.00 I?4f(U ?1.00 ? IЈ f)U Grade3  6* Ј.28**** '6+U 'Ј.37**** I?6,U ?1.00?I1.00 MC46-U ?1.00 ? MTwocomponentsolution:generalschoolliking !f ." !  !6/ Grade1  !60 Grade2  !61 Grade3  !62 Grade1 @6 f#3 ?1.00?@1.00 I?4f#4U ?1.00 ? IЈ 'f#5U 'Ј f#6U Grade2  $6 7 Ј.28**** I?$6 8U ?1.00?I1.00 I?4$6 9U ?1.00 ? IЈ $6 :U Grade3  f&!; Ј.21**** 'f&!<U 'Ј.28**** I?f&!=U ?1.00?I1.00MC4f&!>U ?1.00 ? MTwocomponentsolution:peersatschool !d" !   Grade1   Grade2   Grade3   Grade1 @6 d ?1.00?@1.00 I?4dU ?1.00 ? IЈ 'dU 'Ј d U Grade2     Ј.31**** I?  U ?1.00?I1.00 I?4  U ?1.00 ? IЈ   U Grade3   d Ј.25**** ' dU 'Ј.32**** I? dU ?1.00?I1.00D:8 dU ?1.00  ? D  Becausethevariablesaresoskewedatfirstandsecondgrade,withfewchildrenreportinganydifficulties,furtheranalyseswereconductedwithdichotomizedversionsofthevariablesatfirstandsecondgrade(thosewhoreportednothingnegativeatallvs.thosethathadatleastonenegativeanswer).Thefrequenciesforthesedichotomizedvariablesarereportedbelow.*"Wdddd dddddd'W((#(#,dd",dd",ddB,dd"+   j Grade  ~ Variable  ~ Nothingnegative  ~ Somenegative " ~ "FirstGrade /%#N "\$ /Onecomponentsolution(all12items)  &# 1476(37.0%) `&" 2509(63.0%)  `)   B) Twocomponentsolution!firstcomponent:generalschoolliking  j- 3123(78.4%) 0" 859(21.6%) " 3 "  63 Twocomponentsolutionsecondcomponent:peersatschool  ^7 1650(41.4%) L:" 2335(58.6%) " L= "SecondGrade /%# .>"t /Onecomponentsolution(all12items)  "A 1272(32.8%) @"D" 2602(67.2%) " @"G "  #"G Twocomponentsolution!firstcomponent:generalschoolliking  &J"K 2923(75.5%) % N" 948(24.5%) " % Q "  (f#Q Twocomponentsolutionsecondcomponent:peersatschool  >+&U 1433(37.0%) ),%X" 2441(63.0%) ),%[    - )]   Usingthesedichotomizedvariables,analyseswereruntodetermineiftherewasstabilityfromgradeonetogradetwo.Thatis,arethosechildrenwhohavesomethingnegativetoreportatgradeonemorelikelytoreportsomethingnegativeatgradetwo?Theresultsfortheonecomponentsolutionarereportedbelow.*-Wdddd"dd"ddBdd""W(#(#,Xdd",dd",dd",dd",dd"+      0W b   0 +! b  W  +Grade2 *  b   * .W b  . 0WW  W 0 .W WW .reportednothingnegative .W~ W .somenegativeresponses 7W&~ W 7Total =3! "W =dX0 ` < ` Ed JW72N "w Jreportednothingnegative H>: W  @548 @H548 i_9N   @548  @ @663@i663 j`9N  @663 @ @1211@j1211 J@:N  @1211 @ J $W V  $somenegativeresponses H>V W @532@H532 j`9j  @532 @ t@1501t@j1501 ka:j  t@1501 t@ ğ@2033ğ@k2033 I?:j  ğ@2033 ğ@ I 0W&  0Total I?&  W @1080@ I1080 ka:&! @1080 @  @2164@ k2164 ka:&" @2164 @  X@3244X@k3244J@>&# X@3244  X@ J  Thechisquareforthistableis124.45(1_df_,p<.0001),indicatingthatthesetwovariables .$ arenotindependent.Sincewehavesuchalargen(andsomuchpower),itisespeciallyusefultodescribethesizeoftheeffectbycomputingtheoddsratioand/orrelativerisk.Theoddsratioforthistableis2.33.Thatis,theoddsofgivingsomenegativeresponsesatgradetwoareabout2.3timeshigher(amoderatelysizedeffect)forchildrenwhogavesomenegativeresponsesatgradeonethanforchildrenwhodidnot.Insum,childrenwhohadsomethingnegativetosayatgrade1weremorelikelytoreportsomethingnegativeatgrade2.Asimilarrelationshipwasfoundforthetwocomponentsolution:*FWddXdd"Xdd"dd"dd"dd"-W(#(#,Xdd",dd",dd",dd",dd"+  &WW P"6 &Twocomponentsolution"Firstcomponent:Generalschoolliking ?5,$9{WW  ?Grade2 * ":  * 2W!"; 2 1W #L;W 1reportednothingnegative .WL% =W .somenegativeresponses 7W&L% ?W 7Total =3!`$@"W =dX.0 ` < ` E&&d JW72&"A"~ Jreportednothingnegative I?'#CW 8@20768@I2076 j`:&"D 8@2076 8@ }@476}@j476 j`9&"E }@476 }@ @2552@j2552 J@:&"F @2552 @ J $W ($$F $somenegativeresponses H>$*t%HW Pw@373Pw@H373 i_98)$I Pw@373 Pw@ s@315s@i315 i_98)$J s@315 s@ @688@i688 H>98)$K @688 @ H 0W+&L  0Total I?+&M W "@2449"@ I2449 j`:+&N "@2449 "@  @791@ j791 j`9+&O @791 @  X@1046X@j3240J@>+&P X@1046  X@ JXhXXXc2(1)#XD"XXXh#=216.19,p<.0001;oddsratio=3.7 -(Q Ї*W ddXdd"Xdd"dd"dd"dd"FW(#(#,Xdd",dd",dd",dd",dd"+  &WW  &Twocomponentsolution"Secondcomponent:Peersatschool ?5,<WW  ?Grade2 * d  * 2W!d 2 1W \W 1reportednothingnegative .WW .somenegativeresponses 7W& W 7Total =3! "W =dX30 ` < ` E, , d JW72, | " Jreportednothingnegative H> h W H@649H@H649 i_9, | H@649 H@ @702@i702 j`9, | @702 @ @1351@j1351 J@:, | @1351 @ J $W 4  $somenegativeresponses H> W @566@H566 j`9  @566 @ @1327@j1327 ka:  @1327 @ @1893@k1893 I?:  @1893 @ I 0WT   0Total I?T  W @1215@ I1215 ka:T  @1215 @  @2029@ k2029 ka:T  @2029 @  `@1048`@k3244J@>T  `@1048  `@ JXhXXXD"c2(1)#XD"XXXh[#=110.73,p<.0001;oddsratio=2.2  \  Sincethegrade3dataiscontinuous,ttestswereusedtotestforstabilityacrosstimefromgrade1tograde3.Again,effectsizes(Cohensd)werecomputedtogetasenseofthesizeoftheeffect.  *!W$ddXdd"Xdd"dd"dd"dd"W (#(#,dd",dd",dd",dd",dd"+   >% Variable  R& reportednothingnegative  >( somenegativeresponses  >* t  R+ Cohensd  >- onecomponentsolution  / 3.23(.38)  0 3.03(.46)  1 12.69**** 6, 2 Gz?.47Gz?6.47 6,*3 Gz?.47 Gz? 6twocomponentsolution:  f5   *z6   *z7   *z8   *z9 firstcomponent:generalschoolliking   ; 3.09(.57)  < 2.76(.66)  = 9.64**** 6, > q= ףp?.46q= ףp?6.46 6,*? q= ףp?.46 q= ףp? 6secondcomponent:peersatschool1  ">A 1.73(.43)  "RB 1.93(.50)  "RC Є12.05**** 6, "RD ?.45?6.45:0."RE ?.45  ? :****p<.0001;1higherscoresonthisvariableindicatemorenegativeresponses  $ZE Forallthreeconstructs,thechildrenwhogavesomenegativeresponsesatfirstgradealsohadmorenegativeresponsesatthirdgrade(onaverage)comparedtothechildrenwhoreportednothingnegativeatfirstgrade.Theseeffectsweresmalltomediuminsize.  *X%M   Similaranalyseswereconductedtotestforstabilityfromsecondtothirdgrade:*&WYdddd"dd"dd"dd"dd"!W$(#(#,dd",dd",dd",dd",dd"+    Variable  < reportednothingnegative  ( somenegativeresponses  ( t  < Cohensd  (  onecomponentsolution  D   3.25(.40)  X   3.03(.45)  X  13.32**** 6, X  RQ?.51RQ?6.51 6,*X  RQ?.51 RQ? 6twocomponentsolution:                    firstcomponent:generalschoolliking  l  3.12(.56)  0  2.80(.65)  0  11.90**** 6, 0  (\?.53(\?6.53 6,*0  (\?.53 (\? 6secondcomponent:peersatschool1    1.70(.43)    1.94(.50)    Є13.73*** 6,  ! RQ?.51RQ?6.51:0. " RQ?.51  RQ? :****p<.0001;1higherscoresonthisvariableindicatemorenegativeresponses  " Onceagain,forallthreeconstructs,thechildrenwhogavesomenegativeresponsesatsecondgradealsohadmorenegativeresponsesatthirdgrade(onaverage)comparedtothechildrenwhoreportednothingnegativeatsecondgrade.Aswouldbeexpected,theseeffectswerealittlebitlargerthanthefirsttothirdgradeeffectswere.   *  5.Recommendationsforuse.  f.   Threescalescanbederivedfromtheseselfratingsquestions.Thescalederivedfromtheonecomponentsolutionshouldbesuitableformoregeneralresearchquestions.Thescalesderivedfromthetwocomponentsolutionmaybemoreappropriatewhenamoredifferentiatedviewofchildrensopinionsaboutschoolisrequired.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthesevariablesareseverelyskewedinfirstandsecondgrade,withmostchildrenreportingnoproblems.Analystsinterestedinusingthesevariablesatfirstandsecondgrademaywanttoconsidercategorizingtheminsomeway.B